Gender gap in youth labour market: 'Bias' in hiring, beliefs precede domestic duties

By Alisha Ralph, Akarsh Arora*
Although India has made significant advancements toward achieving gender equality, there is still an enduring disparity between genders when it comes to employment opportunities for youth. The youth population for males and females is almost the same (nearly 26%) still there is a significant difference in their participation in the labour force.
Young women face multiple barriers to accessing employment, including discrimination, cultural attitudes, and lack of education and skills. The National Policy for Skill Development and Entrepreneurship focuses on the promotion of skill development among women and their inclusion in the process to address the issue.

Gender gap explained

The Periodic Labour Force Survey 2021-22 reveals that the labour force participation rate for young men (aged 15-29 years) in India is 61.2%, compared to only 21.7% for young women. Likewise, while the workforce participation rate for men stands at 53.5%, the corresponding rate for women is just 19.1%.
This indicates that young women encounter significant obstacles in obtaining employment, including discrimination in hiring, inadequate availability of education and training opportunities, and cultural beliefs that prioritize their domestic duties over paid work. Almost half of the female youth are involved in domestic duties (45.1%), whereas among males, it is less than one percent (exactly 0.5%).
For vocational and technical training, males receive twice as much training as females, with 20% of males receiving training compared to only 10% of females. Similarly, males receive twice as much technical education as females, with 6% of males receiving education compared to only 3% of females.

Challenges faced by young women

Young women in India face a number of difficulties, including a lack of skills that prevents them from obtaining highly skilled and well-paying employment. Despite equal educational attainment among young men and women, female labour force participation is still much lower than that of males. This is partly because males continue to hold the majority of high-paying positions.

Another difficulty is the underrepresentation of women in self-employment, with only 12.1% of women participating compared to 25% of men. This is due to a number of factors, including restricted access to finance and commercial networks. Given that entrepreneurship plays a significant role in driving innovation and job development, the underrepresentation of women in this industry may be impeding their ability to grow.

Opportunities for promoting gender parity

Despite challenges, there are ways to close the gender gap in young people's employment. In the workplace, achieving gender parity results in more supportive and inclusive policies and procedures. This can involve putting policies like equal pay for equal labour and flexible work schedules into place.

The gender wage gap can be closed by fostering an environment at work that is more welcoming and inclusive for women, especially those who choose to work for themselves. Furthermore, efforts like mentorship programmes, skill-building and training programmes, and programmes for women entrepreneurs can help achieve gender parity by giving young women the tools and support they need to thrive in their chosen professions.
These programmes can assist women in overcoming some of the obstacles they encounter, such as limited access to capital or networks of business contacts, and can help them succeed as business owners or in professions that have historically been dominated by men.
In conclusion, young women in India continue to face numerous obstacles to finding job, contributing to the country's considerable gender disparity in youth employment. A multifaceted strategy will be needed to address these issues, including investments in education and skill development as well as laws and procedures that support gender equality in the workplace.
India can develop a more inclusive and equitable labour market for its young women and realise the full potential of its workforce with the appropriate investments and policies.
---
*Alisha Ralph is Research Scholar, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida; Akarsh Arora is Assistant Professor, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida

Comments

राजस्थान, मध्यप्रदेश, पश्चिम बंगाल, झारखंड और केरल फिसड्डी: जल जीवन मिशन के लक्ष्य को पाने समन्वित प्रयास जरूरी

- राज कुमार सिन्हा* जल संसाधन से जुड़ी स्थायी समिति ने वर्तमान लोकसभा सत्र में पेश रिपोर्ट में बताया है कि "नल से जल" मिशन में राजस्थान, मध्यप्रदेश, पश्चिम बंगाल, झारखंड और केरल फिसड्डी साबित हुए हैं। जबकि देश के 11 राज्यों में शत-प्रतिशत ग्रामीणों को नल से जल आपूर्ति शुरू कर दी गई है। रिपोर्ट में समिति ने केंद्र सरकार को सिफारिश की है कि मिशन पुरा करने में राज्य सरकारों की समस्याओं पर गौर किया जाए।

Old bias, new excuses: How western media misrepresents India’s anti-terror strikes

By Gajanan Khergamker The recent Indian military strikes on Pakistan, dubbed Operation Sindoor, have sparked a storm of international media coverage. Several prominent outlets have portrayed India as the aggressor in the escalating conflict, raising concerns over biased reporting. This commentary critiques coverage by foreign media outlets such as The New York Times , Reuters, BBC, and CNN, which have often been accused of framing India’s actions as escalatory while downplaying or omitting critical context regarding Pakistan’s role in fostering terrorism. By examining historical patterns and current geopolitical dynamics, this analysis highlights the recurring selective framing, omission of evidence, and a tendency to favor narratives aligned with Western geopolitical interests over factual nuance.

'A tribal lifeline': Health rights group asks Gujarat governor to halt Vyara govt hospital privatization

By A Representative In a strong appeal to the Governor of Gujarat, the National Health Rights Alliance (NHRA)—an initiative of the National Alliance of People's Movements (NAPM)—has urged the state to halt the ongoing move to privatize the Vyara Government Hospital and Medical College in Tapi district.

जैविक जीवित संसाधनों व प्रकृति पर निर्भर मजदूरों की व्यापक आर्थिक सुरक्षा कैसे हो?

- राज कुमार सिन्हा* भारत में 60 करोड़ से अधिक लोग भूमि, जल, जंगल और समुद्र जैसे प्राकृतिक स्रोतों पर निर्भर हैं । देश में 14.6 करोड़ छोटे और सीमांत किसान, 14.4 करोड़ खेतिहर मजदूर ( बड़ी संख्या में दलित हैं), 27.5 करोड़ वन निवासी, 2.8 करोड़ मछुआरे, 1.3 करोड़ पशुपालक और 1.7 करोड़ कारीगर हैं जो सीधे तौर पर प्रकृति के साथ और प्रकृति के भरोसे काम कर रहे हैं । लगभग 6 करोड़ मौसमी मजदूर हैं जो काम के सिलसिले में लगातार अपने गांव से बाहर जाते हैं और लौटते हैं। प्रकृति निर्भर समुदायों की आर्थिक गतिविधियां जो बड़े पैमाने पर जीवन निर्वाह और छोटी आय के लिए है। वर्तमान आर्थिक नीतियों के कारण, जो कॉर्पोरेट्स और बड़े व्यवसायों का समर्थन करती है, प्रकृति निर्भर समुदाय के लिए अव्यवहारिक होती जा रही है।

Censor Board's bullying delays 'Phule': A blow to India's democratic spirit

By Vidya Bhushan Rawat* A film based on the life and legacy of Jyotiba Phule and Savitribai Phule was expected to release today. Instead, its release has been pushed to the last week of April. The reason? Protests by self-proclaimed guardians of caste pride—certain Brahmin groups—and forced edits demanded by a thoroughly discredited Censor Board.

Naveen Gautam creates history, becomes first Dalit youth to moderate session at UN

By A Representative In a historic moment for Communities Discriminated on Work and Descent, Mr. Naveen Gautam of the Global Forum of Communities Discriminated on Work and Descent (GFoD) became the first Dalit youth to moderate a session at any United Nations forum.

Kashmiriyat lives: Beyond the prime-time lies

By Rimmi Vaghela I am Rimmi from Ahmedabad. I contemplated this blog on April 27, 2025 in Jammu, when my plans of revisiting the paradise called Kashmir were shattered—not by fear, but by circumstances and sorrow. I decided to share my story with a heavy heart, hoping it reaches those who still believe in the warmth of humanity over the divisive noise of prime-time media.

In the fury of war, humanity succumbs to the illusion of nationalism

By Dr. Mansee Bal Bhargava* On May 7, Rabindranath Tagore Jayanti—also known as Rabindra Jayanti or Poncheeshe Boishakh in Kolkata—we celebrated the birth anniversary of the renowned poet, writer, philosopher, reformer, and Nobel laureate. On this occasion, I draw attention to Tagore’s timeless quotes, which resonate profoundly today, perhaps more than ever, as we live in a time when the ruling government has pushed the nation toward war.

Choice of the word 'Sindoor' in India's anti-terror operation: Symbolic feminism or patriarchal strategy?

By Dr. Mansee Bal Bhargava* In the aftermath of a war and subsequent ceasefire in 2025, Operation Sindoor has emerged as a focal point of national discourse, not only for its military objectives but also for its symbolic framing. The operation, named after a traditional marker of Hindu marital identity, and the prominent roles of Colonel Sofiya Qureshi of the Indian Army and Wing Commander Vyomika Singh of the Indian Air Force in its media briefings, have been widely celebrated as a step toward gender inclusivity.

How the slogan Jai Bhim gained momentum as movement of popularity and revolution

By Dr Kapilendra Das* India is an incomprehensible plural country loaded with diversities of religions, castes, cultures, languages, dialects, tribes, societies, costumes, etc. The Indians have good manners/etiquette (decent social conduct, gesture, courtesy, politeness) that build healthy relationships and take them ahead to life. In many parts of India, in many situations, and on formal occasions, it is common for people of India to express and exchange respect, greetings, and salutation for which we people usually use words and phrases like- Namaskar, Namaste, Pranam, Ram Ram, Jai Ram ji, Jai Sriram, Good morning, shubha sakal, Radhe Radhe, Jai Bajarangabali, Jai Gopal, Jai Jai, Supravat, Good night, Shuvaratri, Jai Bhole, Salaam walekam, Walekam salaam, Radhaswami, Namo Buddhaya, Jai Bhim, Hello, and so on. A soft attitude always creates strong relationships. A relationship should not depend only on spoken words. They should rely on understanding the unspoken feeling too. So w...

Search This Blog